Timeline: Ann HUGHES: Mills/Rushton Family History

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Abt 1802 - 1856 (~ 54 years)

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Timeline

Ann HUGHES (1802 - 1856)

	Date	Event(s)
1	1802	25 Mar 1802: Treaty of Amiens signed by Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands – the "Peace of Amiens," as it was known, brought a temporary peace of 14 months during the Napoleonic Wars – one of its most important cultural effects was that travel and correspondence across the English Channel became possible again
2	1803	1803: Poaching made a Capital offence in England if capture resisted 1803: Richard Trevithick built another steam carriage and ran it in London as the first self-propelled vehicle in the capital and the first London bus 1803: Semaphore signalling perfected by Admiral Popham 30 Apr 1803: Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon sells French possessions in America to United States 12 May 1803: Peace of Amiens ends – resumption of war with France – The Napoleonic Wars (1803-18l5) 23 Jul 1803: First public railway opens (Surrey Iron Railway, 9 miles from Wandsworth to Croydon, horse-drawn)
3	1804	1804: Matthew Flinders recommends that the newly discovered country, New Holland, be renamed "Australia" 21 Feb 1804: Richard Trevithick runs his railway engine on the Penydarren Railway (9.5 miles from Pen-y-Darren to Abercynon in South Wales) – this hauled a train with 10 tons of iron and 70 passengers. It was commemorated by the Royal Mint in 2004 in the form of a £2.00 coin. 3 Mar 1804: John Wedgwood (eldest son of the potter Josiah Wedgwood) founds The Royal Horticultural Society 2 Dec 1804: Napoleon declares himself Emperor of the French 12 Dec 1804: Spain declares war on Britain
4	1805	1805: London docks opened 21 Oct 1805: Admiral Nelson's victory at Trafalgar 2 Dec 1805: Battle of Austerlitz; Napoleon defeats Austrians and Russians
5	1806	1806: Dartmoor Prison opened (built by French prisoners) 9 Jan 1806: Nelson buried in St Paul's cathedral, London
6	1807	25 Mar 1807: Parliament passes Act prohibiting slavery and the importation of slaves from 1808 – but does not prohibit colonial slavery
7	1808	1808: Gas lighting in London streets 13 Jul 1808: 'Hot Wednesday' – temperature of 101°F in the shade recorded in London 20 Dec 1808: Beethoven premieres his Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, Fourth Piano Concerto and Choral Fantasy together in Vienna
8	1809	12 Feb 1809: Birth of Charles Darwin 18 Sep 1809: Royal Opera House opens in London
9	1810	1810: John McAdam begins road construction in England, giving his name to the process of road metalling
10	1811	5 Feb 1811: Prince of Wales (future George IV) made Regent after George III deemed insane
11	1812	11 May 1812: Prime Minister, Spencer Perceval, assassinated – shot as he entered the House of Commons by a bankrupt Liverpool broker, John Bellingham, who was subsequently hanged 18 Jun 1812: Start of American "War of 1812" (to 1814) against England and Canada Oct 1812: Napoleon retreats from Moscow with catastrophic losses
12	1813	1813: Ireland: First recorded "12th of July" sectarian riots in Belfast 1813: Jane Austen wrote "Pride and Prejudice"
13	1814	1 Jan 1814: Invasion of France by Allies 6 Apr 1814: Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba 13 Aug 1814: Convention of London signed, a treaty between the UK and the Dutch 24 Aug 1814: The British burn the White House 29 Nov 1814: "The Times" first printed by a 'mechanical apparatus' (at 1,100 sheets per hour) 24 Dec 1814: Treaty of Ghent signed ending the 1812 war between Britain and the US
14	1815	1815: Trial by Jury established in Scotland 1815: Davy develops the safety lamp for miners 18 Jun 1815: The Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon defeated and exiled to St. Helena
15	1816	1816: Income tax abolished 1816: For the first time British silver coins were produced with an intrinsic value substantially below their face value – the first official 'token' coinage 1816: Climate: the 'year without a summer' – followed a volcanic explosion of the mountain "Tambora" in Indonesia the previous year, the biggest volcanic explosion in 10,000 years 1816: Large scale emigration to North America 1816: Trans-Atlantic packet service begins
16	1817	1817: March of the Manchester Blanketeers; Habeas Corpus suspended 1817: Constable painted "Flatford Mill"
17	1818	1818: Manchester cotton spinners' strike 20 Oct 1818: 'Convention of 1818' signed between the United States and the United Kingdom which, among other things, settled the US-Canada border on the 49th parallel for most of its length
18	1819	1819: Primitive bicycle, the Dandy Horse, becomes popular 1819: Britain returns to gold standard 1819: Singapore founded by Sir Stamford Raffles May 1819: SS "Savannah" first steamship to cross Atlantic, reaching Liverpool 20 June 1819 (26 days, mostly under sail) 16 Aug 1819: Peterloo Massacre at Manchester – a large, orderly group of 60,000 meets at St. Peter's Fields, Manchester – demand Parliamentary Reform – mounted troops charge on the meeting, killing 11 people and and maiming many others
19	1820	1820: Cato Street Conspiracy – plot to assissinate British cabinet 1820: Abolition of the Spanish Inquisition 29 Jan 1820: Accession of George IV, previously Prince Regent 1 Aug 1820: Regent's Canal in London opens 17 Aug 1820: Trial of Queen Caroline to prove her infidelities so George IV can divorce her – George tries to secure a Bill of Pains and Penalties against her – Caroline is virtually acquitted because bill passed by such a small majority of Lords
20	1821	1821: Faraday publishes "Principles of electro-magnetic rotation" 1821: Constable paints "The Hay Wain" 5 May 1821: Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena
21	1822	14 Jun 1822: Charles Babbage proposes a difference engine in a paper to the Royal Astronomical Society
22	1823	1823: New laws concerning marriage by licence – 'very troublesome' according to some: "the Act was repealed, all in a hurry, at the beginning of the next session" 1823: Peel begins penal reforms – death penalty abolished for over 100 crimes 1823: Rugby Football 'invented' at Rugby School 1823: Rubberised waterproof material produced by MacIntosh 2 Dec 1823: US President James Monroe delivers a speech establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts (the 'Monroe Doctrine')
23	1824	1824: RSPCA established 1824: Portland cement patented 4 Mar 1824: Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) founded (called the "National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck" until 1854) 10 May 1824: National Gallery in London opens to the public
24	1825	27 Sep 1825: Stockton to Darlington Railway opens – world's first service of locomotive-hauled passenger trains
25	1827	1827: Ohm's Law published
26	1828	25 Oct 1828: St Katharine Docks in London opened (designed by Thomas Telford)
27	1829	1829: London Metropolitan Police Force formed, nicknamed "Bobbies" after Sir Robert Peel 1829: Louis Braille invents his sytem of finger-reading for the blind 10 Jun 1829: First Oxford/Cambridge Boat Race 6 Oct 1829: George Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill trials (it was the only one to complete the trial!)
28	1830	1830: Uprisings and agitation across Europe: the Netherlands are split into Holland and Belgium Jul 1830: Revolution in France, fall of Charles X and the Bourbons – Louis Philippe (the Citizen King) on the throne 15 Sep 1830: George Stephenson's Liverpool & Manchester Railway opened by the Duke of Wellington – first mail carried by rail, and first death on the railway as William Huskisson, a leading politician, is run over!
29	1831	1831: A list of all parish registers dating prior to 1813 compiled 1 Jun 1831: James Clark Ross discovers the North Magnetic Pole 1 Aug 1831: 'New' London Bridge opens (replaced 1973) – old bridge (which had existed for over 600 years) then demolished
30	1832	1832: Electoral Registers introduced 1832: Electric telegraph invented by Morse 7 Jun 1832: Reform Bill passed – Representation of the People Act
31	1833	Jan 1833: Britain invades the Falkland Islands 29 Aug 1833: Factory Act forbids employment of children below age of 9
32	1834	1834: Babbage invents forerunner of the computer 18 Mar 1834: 'Tolpuddle Martyrs' transported (to Australia) for Trades Union activities 1 May 1834: Slavery abolished in British possessions
33	1835	1835: Christmas becomes a national holiday 1835: First railway boom period starts in Britain – construction of Great Western Railway
34	1836	1836: First Potato famine in Ireland 30 Jan 1836: Telford's Menai Straits Bridge opened – considered the world's first modern suspension bridge 25 Feb 1836: Samuel Colt patented the 'revolver' 6 Mar 1836: The Alamo falls to Mexican troops – death of Davy Crockett Jul 1836: Inauguration of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris
35	1837	1837: Pitman introduces his shorthand system 1837: P&O Founded 20 Jun 1837: William IV dies – accession of Queen Victoria (to 1901) 1 Jul 1837: Compulsory registration of Births, Marriages & Deaths in England & Wales – Registration Districts were formed covering several parishes; initially they had the same boundaries as the Poor Law boundaries set up in 1834 13 Jul 1837: Queen Victoria moves into the first Buckingham Palace 20 Jul 1837: Euston Railway station opens – first in London
36	1838	28 Jun 1838: Coronation of Queen Victoria at Westminster Abbey
37	1839	1839: First Opium War between Britain and China (to 1842) – Britain captures Hong Kong 1839: Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick MacMillan refines the primitive bicycle, adding a mechanical crank drive to the rear wheel, thus creating the first true "bicycle" in the modern sense 1839: Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber
38	1840	1840: Population Act relating to taking of censuses in Britain 1840: Last convicts landed in NSW (some say 1842 or 1849, but these probably landed elsewhere) 10 Jan 1840: Uniform Penny Postage introduced nationally
39	1841	1841: Thomas Cook starts package tours 10 Feb 1841: Penny Red replaces Penny Black postage stamp 6 Jun 1841: June 6: First full census in Britain in which all names were recorded (Population 18.5M)
40	1842	1842: Income Tax reintroduced in Britain 30 Mar 1842: Ether used as an anaesthetic for the first time (by Dr Crawford Long in America) 29 Aug 1842: Treaty of Nanking – End of First Opium War – Britain gains Hong Kong
41	1843	1843: First Christmas card in England 27 May 1843: The Great Hall of Euston station opened in London 19 Jul 1843: Brunel's 'Great Britain' launched
42	1844	6 Jun 1844: YMCA founded in London by Sir George Williams
43	1845	1845: Tarmac laid for first time (in Nottingham) 17 Mar 1845: The rubber band patented by Stephen Perry
44	1846	10 Sep 1846: The sewing machine is patented by Elias Howe
45	1847	1847: US Mormons make Salt Lake City their centre Jan 1847: An anaesthetic used for the first time in England (James Simpson used ether to numb the pain of labour)
46	1848	1848: First commercial production of chewing gum 24 Jan 1848: Gold found at Sutter's Mill, California – starts the California gold rush 11 Jul 1848: Waterloo railway station in London opens
47	1849	1849: Florin (2 shilling coin) introduced as the first step to decimalisation – which finally occurred in 1971!
48	1851	1851: Gold discovered in Australia 1 May 1851: Great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations ("Crystal Palace" exhibition) opened in Hyde Park
49	1852	1852: Tasmania ceases to be a convict settlement 1852: Wells Fargo established in USA
50	1853	1853: Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain
51	1854	1854: Cigarettes introduced into Britain 27 Mar 1854: Britain declares war on Russia (Crimean War) 25 Oct 1854: Battle of Balaklava in Crimea (charge of the Light Brigade)
52	1856	1856: End of Crimean War 29 Jan 1856: Victoria Cross created by Royal Warrant, backdated to 1854 to recognise acts during the Crimean War (first award ceremony 26 June 1857)